Continuing Education to Elevate Function and Form
Reference Articles
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An evidence-informed approach to the identification and assessment of chronic pain in children with cerebral palsy
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Patient-Centered Care, Therapeutic Alliance and PNE
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“Tone”
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Ankle
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Mason-Mackay, A.R, Whatman, C, Reid, D. The effect of reduced ankle dorsiflexion on lower extremity mechanics during landing: A systematic review. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2017;20(5):451-458. d
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ROM & Manual Therapy
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Kim S-L, Lee B-H. The Effects of Posterior Talar Glide and Dorsiflexion of the Ankle Plus Mobilization with Movement on Balance and Gait Function in Patient with Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice. 2018;9(1):61-67.
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Capobianco RA, Almuklass AM, Enoka RM. Manipulation of sensory input can improve stretching outcomes. Eur J Sport Sci. 2018 Feb;18(1):83-91.
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Silveira F, Teixeira L, Nogueira L. The effect of manipulative manual therapy, in improving range of motion and reducing the intensity of pain in subjects with ankle sprain – A systematic review. Manual Therapy. 2016;25:e132-e133.
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Yoon JY, Hwang YI, An DH, Oh JS. Changes in kinetic, kinematic, and temporal parameters of walking in people with limited ankle dorsiflexion: pre-post application of modified mobilization with movement using talus glide taping. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2014 Jun;37(5):320-5.
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Weerasekara I, Osmotherly P, Snodgrass S, Marquez J, de Zoete R, Rivett DA. Clinical Benefits of Joint Mobilization on Ankle Sprains: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018 Jul;99(7):1395-1412.e5.
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Lee J, Kim JO, Lee BH. The effects of posterior talar glide with dorsiflexion of the ankle on mobility, muscle strength and balance in stroke patients: a randomised controlled trial. J Phys Ther Sci. 2017 Mar;29(3):452-456.
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Kang MH, Oh JS, Kwon OY, Weon JH, An DH, Yoo WG. Immediate combined effect of gastrocnemius stretching and sustained talocrural joint mobilization in individuals with limited ankle dorsiflexion: A randomized controlled trial. Man Ther. 2015 Dec;20(6):827-34.
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Johanson MA, DeArment A, Hines K, Riley E, Martin M, Thomas J, Geist K. The effect of subtalar joint position on dorsiflexion of the ankle/rearfoot versus midfoot/forefoot during gastrocnemius stretching. Foot Ankle Int. 2014 Jan;35(1):63-70.
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Kwon OY, Weon JH, An DH, Yoo WG. Immediate combined effect of gastrocnemius stretching and sustained talocrural joint mobilization in individuals with limited ankle dorsiflexion: A randomized controlled trial. Man Ther. 2015. Dec;20(6):827-34.
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An, C., & Jo, S. (2017). Effects of Talocrural Mobilization with Movement on Ankle Strength, Mobility, and Weight-Bearing Ability in Hemiplegic Patients with Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 26(1), 169–176.
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Marrón-Gómez, D., Rodríguez-Fernández, Á., & Martín-Urrialde, J. (2015). The effect of two mobilization techniques on dorsiflexion in people with chronic ankle instability. Physical Therapy in Sport, 16(1), 10–15.
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Vicenzino, B., Branjerdporn, M., Teys, P., & Jordan, K. (2006). Initial changes in posterior talar glide and dorsiflexion of the ankle after mobilization with movement in individuals with recurrent ankle sprain. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 36(7), 464–471.
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Chevutschi, A., D’Houwt, J., Pardessus, V., & Thevenon, A. (2015). Immediate effects of talocrural and subtalar joint mobilization on balance in the elderly. Physiotherapy Research International : the Journal for Researchers and Clinicians in Physical Therapy, 20(1), 1–8.
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Stanek J, Sullivan T, Davis S. Comparison of Compressive Myofascial Release and the Graston Technique for Improving Ankle-Dorsiflexion Range of Motion. J Athl Train. 2018 Feb;53(2):160-167.
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Grieve R, Cranston A, Henderson A, John R, Malone G, Mayall C. The immediate effect of triceps surae myofascial trigger point therapy on restricted active ankle joint dorsiflexion in recreational runners: a crossover randomised controlled trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2013.
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Capobianco RA, Almuklass AM, Enoka RM. Manipulation of sensory input can improve stretching outcomes. Eur J Sport Sci. 2018 Feb;18(1):83-91.
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Capobianco RA, Mazzo MM, Enoka RM. Self-massage prior to stretching improves flexibility in young and middle-aged adults. J Sports Sci. 2019 Feb 4:1-8.
Tissue Properties
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Frost HM. A 2003 update of bone physiology and Wolff's Law for clinicians. Angle Orthod. 2004;74(1):3-15.
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Kjaer M, Langberg H, Heinemeier K, Bayer ML, Hansen M, Holm L, Doessing S, Kongsgaard M, Drogsgaard MR, Magnusson SP. Form mechanical loading to collagen synthesis, structural changes and function in human tendon. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2009.
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Magnusson SP, Langberg H, Kjaer M. The pathogenesis of tendinopathy: balancing the response to loading. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010 May;6(5):262-8.
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Smith LR, Lee KS, Ward SR, Chambers HG, Lieber RL. Hamstring contractures in children with spastic cerebral palsy result from a stiffer extracellular matrix and increased in vivo sarcomere length.J Physiol2011;589: 2625–39
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Smith LR, Ponten E, Hedstrom Y, et al. Novel transcriptional profile in wrist muscles from cerebral palsy patients.BMC Med Genom2009;2: 44.
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Martín Lorenzo T, Rocon E, Martínez Caballero I, Ramírez Barragán A, Lerma Lara S. Prolonged stretching of the ankle plantarflexors elicits muscle-tendon adaptations relevant to ankle gait kinetics in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Med Hypotheses. 2017 Nov;109:65-69.
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Nahm NJ, Graham HK, Gormley ME Jr, Georgiadis AG. Management of hypertonia in cerebral palsy. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2018 Feb;30(1):57-64.
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Stojadinovic O, Gordon KA, Lebrun E, Tomic-Canic M. Stress-Induced Hormones Cortisol and Epinephrine Impair Wound Epithelization. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2012 Feb;1(1):29-35. Review.
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Svehlík M, Zwick EB, Steinwender G, Kraus T, Linhart WE. Dynamic versus fixed equinus deformity in children with cerebral palsy: how does the triceps surae muscle work? Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010 Dec;91(12):1897-903.
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Wren TA, Do KP, Kay RM. Gastrocnemius and soleus lengths in cerebral palsy equinus gait--differences between children with and without static contracture and effects of gastrocnemius recession. J Biomech. 2004 Sep;37(9):1321-7.
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Wren TA, Cheatwood AP, Rethlefsen SA, Hara R, Perez FJ, Kay RM. Achilles tendon length and medial gastrocnemius architecture in children with cerebral palsy and equinus gait. J Pediatr Orthop. 2010 Jul-Aug;30(5):479-84.
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Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2003 Feb;18(2):157-65. Velocity dependent passive plantarflexor resistive torque in patients with acquired brain injury. Singer BJ1, Dunne JW, Singer KP, Allison GT.
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Takahashi M, Ward SR, Marchuk LL, Frank CV, Lieber RL. Asynchronous muscle and tendon adaptation after surgical tensioning procedures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92(3): 664-674.
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Magnusson SP, Langberg H, Kjaer M. The pathogenesis of tendinopathy: balancing the response to loading. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010 May;6(5):262-8.
Stairs
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Lewerenz A, Wolf SI, Dreher T, Krautwurst BK. Performance of stair negotiation in patients with cerebral palsy and stiff knee gait. Gait & posture. 2019;71:14-19.
Gait
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Perry J, Burnfield JM. Gait Analysis : Normal and Pathological Function . 2nd ed. SLACK; 2010.
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Buldt, Andrew K., Murley, George S., Butterworth, Paul, Levinger, Pazit, Menz, Hylton B., Landorf, Karl B. The relationship between foot posture and lower limb kinematics during walking: A systematic review. Gait Posture. 2013;38(3):363-372.
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Pinto, R., Souza, T., Trede, R., Kirkwood, R., Figueiredo, E., & Fonseca, S. (2008). Bilateral and unilateral increases in calcaneal eversion affect pelvic alignment in standing position. Manual Therapy, 13(6), 513–519.
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Ghanbari, A., Razeghi, M., Yazdani, F., Ebrahimi, S., & Abbasi, L. (2013). The effect of subtalar hyperpronation on the pelvic alignment during stance phase of walking. Gait & Posture (Vol. 38, pp. S116–S116). Elsevier B.V.
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Klotz MC, Wolf SI, Heitzmann D, Maier MW, Braatz F, Dreher T. The association of equinus and primary genu recurvatum gait in cerebral palsy. Res Dev Disabil. 2014 Jun;35(6):1357-63.
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Kruger KM, Konop KA, Krzak JJ, Graf A, Altiok H, Smith PA, Harris GF. Segmental kinematic analysis of planovalgus feet during walking in children with cerebral palsy. Gait Posture. 2017 May;54:277-283.
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Gor-García-Fogeda MD, Cano de la Cuerda R, Carratalá Tejada M, Alguacil-Diego IM, Molina-Rueda F. Observational Gait Assessments in People With Neurological Disorders: A Systematic Review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;97(1):131-140. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2015.07.018
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Daly JJ, Nethery J, McCabe JP, et al. Development and testing of the Gait Assessment and Intervention Tool (G.A.I.T.): a measure of coordinated gait components. J Neurosci Methods. 2009;178(2):334-339. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.12.016
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David KS, Sullivan M. Expectations for Walking Speeds: Standards for Students in Elementary Schools. Pediatric physical therapy. 2005;17(2):120-127.
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Fritz S, Lusardi M. White paper: Walking speed: the sixth vital sign. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2009;32(3):110]. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2009;32(2):46-49.
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Rose J, Gamble JG, Lee J, Lee R, Haskell WL. The energy expenditure index: a method to quantitate and compare walking energy expenditure for children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop. 1991;11(5):571-578.
ROM & Manual Therapy
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Kim S-L, Lee B-H. The Effects of Posterior Talar Glide and Dorsiflexion of the Ankle Plus Mobilization with Movement on Balance and Gait Function in Patient with Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice. 2018;9(1):61-67.
-
Capobianco RA, Almuklass AM, Enoka RM. Manipulation of sensory input can improve stretching outcomes. Eur J Sport Sci. 2018 Feb;18(1):83-91.
-
Silveira F, Teixeira L, Nogueira L. The effect of manipulative manual therapy, in improving range of motion and reducing the intensity of pain in subjects with ankle sprain – A systematic review. Manual Therapy. 2016;25:e132-e133.
-
Yoon JY, Hwang YI, An DH, Oh JS. Changes in kinetic, kinematic, and temporal parameters of walking in people with limited ankle dorsiflexion: pre-post application of modified mobilization with movement using talus glide taping. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2014 Jun;37(5):320-5.
-
Weerasekara I, Osmotherly P, Snodgrass S, Marquez J, de Zoete R, Rivett DA. Clinical Benefits of Joint Mobilization on Ankle Sprains: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018 Jul;99(7):1395-1412.e5.
-
Lee J, Kim JO, Lee BH. The effects of posterior talar glide with dorsiflexion of the ankle on mobility, muscle strength and balance in stroke patients: a randomised controlled trial. J Phys Ther Sci. 2017 Mar;29(3):452-456.
-
Kang MH, Oh JS, Kwon OY, Weon JH, An DH, Yoo WG. Immediate combined effect of gastrocnemius stretching and sustained talocrural joint mobilization in individuals with limited ankle dorsiflexion: A randomized controlled trial. Man Ther. 2015 Dec;20(6):827-34.
-
Johanson MA, DeArment A, Hines K, Riley E, Martin M, Thomas J, Geist K. The effect of subtalar joint position on dorsiflexion of the ankle/rearfoot versus midfoot/forefoot during gastrocnemius stretching. Foot Ankle Int. 2014 Jan;35(1):63-70.
-
Kwon OY, Weon JH, An DH, Yoo WG. Immediate combined effect of gastrocnemius stretching and sustained talocrural joint mobilization in individuals with limited ankle dorsiflexion: A randomized controlled trial. Man Ther. 2015. Dec;20(6):827-34.
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An, C., & Jo, S. (2017). Effects of Talocrural Mobilization with Movement on Ankle Strength, Mobility, and Weight-Bearing Ability in Hemiplegic Patients with Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 26(1), 169–176.
-
Marrón-Gómez, D., Rodríguez-Fernández, Á., & Martín-Urrialde, J. (2015). The effect of two mobilization techniques on dorsiflexion in people with chronic ankle instability. Physical Therapy in Sport, 16(1), 10–15.
-
Vicenzino, B., Branjerdporn, M., Teys, P., & Jordan, K. (2006). Initial changes in posterior talar glide and dorsiflexion of the ankle after mobilization with movement in individuals with recurrent ankle sprain. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 36(7), 464–471.
-
Chevutschi, A., D’Houwt, J., Pardessus, V., & Thevenon, A. (2015). Immediate effects of talocrural and subtalar joint mobilization on balance in the elderly. Physiotherapy Research International : the Journal for Researchers and Clinicians in Physical Therapy, 20(1), 1–8.
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Stanek J, Sullivan T, Davis S. Comparison of Compressive Myofascial Release and the Graston Technique for Improving Ankle-Dorsiflexion Range of Motion. J Athl Train. 2018 Feb;53(2):160-167.
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Grieve R, Cranston A, Henderson A, John R, Malone G, Mayall C. The immediate effect of triceps surae myofascial trigger point therapy on restricted active ankle joint dorsiflexion in recreational runners: a crossover randomised controlled trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2013.
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Capobianco RA, Almuklass AM, Enoka RM. Manipulation of sensory input can improve stretching outcomes. Eur J Sport Sci. 2018 Feb;18(1):83-91.
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Capobianco RA, Mazzo MM, Enoka RM. Self-massage prior to stretching improves flexibility in young and middle-aged adults. J Sports Sci. 2019 Feb 4:1-8.
Foot Core!
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Okamura, K, Kanai, S, Hasegawa, Mi, Otsuka, A, Oki, S. The effect of additional activation of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles on foot dynamics during gait. Foot. 2018;34:1-5.
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Riddick R, Farris DJ, Kelly LA. The foot is more than a spring: human foot muscles perform work to adapt to the energetic requirements of locomotion. Journal of the Royal Society interface. 2019;16(150): 20180680-.
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Mulligan EP, Cook PG. Effect of plantar intrinsic muscle training on medial longitudinal arch morphology and dynamic function. Manual therapy. 2013;18(5):425-430.
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Huffer D, Hing W, Newton R, Clair M. Strength training for plantar fasciitis and the intrinsic foot musculature: A systematic review. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2016;24:44-52.
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McKeon PO, Hertel J, Bramble D, Davis I. The foot core system: a new paradigm for understanding intrinsic foot muscle function. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2015;49(5):290-290.
Motor Learning
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Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH. Motor Control : Translating Research into Clinical Practice . Fifth edition. Wolters Kluwer; 2017.
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Kandel ER et al. Principles of Neural Science, Fifth Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2013.
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Piccoli A, Rossettini G , Cecchetto S, et al. Effect of Attentional Focus Instructions on Motor Learning and Performance of Patients with Central Nervous System and Musculoskeletal Disorders: a Systematic Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2018;3(3):40-0.
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Rotem-Lehrer N & Laufer Y (2007). Effect of focus of attention on transfer of a postural control task following an ankle sprain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther; 37(9): 564:569.
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Schmidt RE, Lee TH. Motor control and learning: a behavioral emphasis. Champain, IL: Human Kinetics, 2005.
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Meugnot, A, et al. (2014). The embodied nature of motor imagery processes highlighted by short-term limb immobilization. Exp Psychol 61(3): 180-186.
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Bassolino, M, et al. (2014). Training the motor cortex by observing the actions of others during immobilization. Cereb Cortex 24(12): 3268-3276.
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Kuhn YA, Keller M, Ruffieux J, Taube W. Adopting an external focus of attention alters intracortical inhibition within the primary motor cortex. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2017 Jun;220(2):289-299. doi: 10.111
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Pascua LA, Wulf G, Lewthwaite R. Additive benefits of external focus and enhanced performance expectancy for motor learning. J Sports Sci. 2015;33(1):58-66. doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.922693 1/apha.12807. Epub 2016 Oct 17. PMID: 27653020; PMCID: PMC5484339.
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Piccoli A, Rossettini G , Cecchetto S , Viceconti A, Ristori D , Turolla A, Maselli F and Testa M. Effect of Attentional Focus Instructions on Motor Learning and Performance of Patients with Central Nervous System and Musculoskeletal Disorders: a Systematic Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2018(3), 40:1-20
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Kuhn YA, Keller M, Ruffieux J, Taube W. Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention. J Vis Exp. 2017 Sep 11;(127):55771. doi: 10.3791/55771. PMID: 28930973; PMCID: PMC5752204.
Neuroplasticity
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Beales D, Lutz A, Thompson J, Wand BM, O'Sullivan P. Disturbed body perception, reduced sleep, and kinesiophobia in subjects with pregnancy-related persistent lumbopelvic pain and moderate levels of disability: An exploratory study. Manual therapy. Feb 2016;21:69-75.
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Falling C, Mani R. Ageing and obesity indices influences the tactile acuity of the low back regions: A cross-sectional study. Manual therapy. Jun 2016;23:25-31.
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Moseley GL. I can't find it! Distorted body image and tactile dysfunction in patients with chronic back pain. Pain. Nov 15 2008;140(1):239-243.
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Maihöfner C, Handwerker HO, Neundörfer B, Birklein F. Patterns of cortical reorganization in complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology. December 23, 2003 2003;61(12):1707-1715.
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Wand, bm, Parkitny, L, O’connell, NE, et al. Cortical changes in chronic low back pain: Current state of the art and implications for clinical practice. Manual Therapy. 2011;16(1):15-20.
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Moseley GL, Gallagher L, Gallace A. Neglect-like tactile dysfunction in chronic back pain. Neurology. 2012 Jul 24;79(4):327-32.
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Toussaint, L. and A. Meugnot (2013). Short-term limb immobilization affects cognitive motor processes. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 39(2): 623-632.
Tissue Stress Training
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Alfredson H, Pietila T, Jonsson P, Lorentzon R. Heavy-load eccentric calf muscle training for the treatment of chronic Achilles tendinosis. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26:360–366.
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Kulig K, Reischl SF, Pomrantz AB, Burnfield JM, Mais-Requejo S, Thordarson DB, Smith RW. Nonsurgical management of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction with orthoses and resistive exercise: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2009;89(1):26-37
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Alvarez RG, Marini A, Schmitt C, Saltzman CL.Stage I and II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction treated by a structured nonoperative management protocol: an orthosis and exercise program. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27(1):2-8.
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Silbernagel KG. Does one size fit all when it comes to exercise treatment for Achilles tendinopathy? J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014;44(2):42-4.
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Silbernagel KG, Crossley KM. A Proposed Return-to-Sport Program for Patients With Midportion Achilles Tendinopathy: Rationale and Implementation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2015;45(11):876-86.
Orthoses
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Liu XC, Embrey D, Tassone C, et al. Long-Term Effects of Orthoses Use on the Changes of Foot and Ankle Joint Motions of Children With Spastic Cerebral Palsy. PM R. 2017 Sep 1. Pii: S1934-1482(17)30004-7.
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Owen E. The importance of being earnest about shank and thigh kinematics especially when using ankle-foot orthoses. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2010 Sep;34(3):254-69.
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Kerkum YL, Houdijk H, Brehm M-A, et al. The Shank-to-Vertical-Angle as a parameter to evaluate tuning of Ankle-Foot Orthoses. Gait & posture. 2015;42(3):269-274.
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Jagadamma KC, Coutts FJ, Mercer TH, et al. Effects of tuning of ankle foot orthoses-footwear combination using wedges on stance phase knee hyperextension in children with cerebral palsy – Preliminary results. Disability and rehabilitation: Assistive technology. 2009;4(6):406-413.
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Aboutorabi A, Arazpour M, Ahmadi Bani M, Saeedi H, Head JS. Efficacy of ankle foot orthoses types on walking in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2017 Nov;60(6):393-402.
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Carmick J. Importance of orthotic subtalar alignment for development and gait of children with cerebral palsy.Pediatr Phys Ther. 2012 Winter;24(4):302-7.
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Desmyttere G, Hajizadeh M, Bleau J, Begon M. Effect of foot orthosis design on lower limb joint kinematics and kinetics during walking in flexible pes planovalgus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2018 Nov;59:117-129. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2018.09.018. Epub 2018 Sep 13. Review.
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Eddison N, Mulholland M, Chockalingam N. Do research papers provide enough information on design and material used in ankle foot orthoses for children with cerebral palsy? A systematic review. J Child Orthop. 2017 Aug 1;11(4):263-271.
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Martin K. Effects of supramalleolar orthoses on postural stability in children with Down syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2004 Jun;46(6):406-11.
Upper Extremity
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